BOT 311 Study Questions Exam # 2

There are two basic types of root systems. These are called F________________s and T___p. In a t__p root system there is a strong p____________y r________t which produces smaller s__________________y r_________s. In a f_____________s root system there are many major roots of e__________l size which produce smaller l_____________l r_____s.

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There are two types of Roots in terms of the independence of the Root Cap from the Root Body. Closed Roots have a distinct R_____t C___p which originates from the C______________n or r____t c___p m____________m. It is possible to remove the r_____t c__p without seriously damaging the Root Apical Meristem.

The root cap is not distinct for roots with O____n organization because the R____t C__p originates from the R______t A___________l M_____________m which also produces the R______t B_______y. It is not possible to remove the R_____t C__p without serious damage.

The Root Cap physically p_______________s the r_____t a_____________l m_______________m. It secretes a M____________________e which makes it easier for the root to p_____________e the s____l. It also is the structure that p_______________s g_________________y.

Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Epidermis B] Xylem C] Phloem D] Ground

Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Epidermis B] Vascular Tissue C] Cortex-Parenchyma D] Exodermis

The Endodermis is the innermost layer of the g___________d t__________e. It surrounds the V___________r T____________s which cvan be referred to as the S______e.

Young Endodermal Cells contain a band of suberized secondary cell wall called the C____________n S_______p. Suberin infiltrates the p_____________y c_______l w_____l and the m________e l_____________a so that A____________c F_____w is blocked. The P______________a is firmly a______________d to the C_____________n S_________p. This means that in order for W_______r and anything d____________d in it to enter the P____________t of an Endodermal Cell in order to go to the other side. This brings the movement of solute and solvent in roots under b______________l control.

Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Endodermis B] Phloem C] Xylem
Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Endodermis B] Xylem
Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Cortex B] Vascular Tissues
Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Vessels B] Fibers C] Phloem

‘ie’ie roots were useful for Hawaiians because there were a lot of f_____________s in the x____________m.

The principal functions of roots are

A] a_____________________e

B] A________________________n of w_________________r & m_______________________s

Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Lateral Root Primordium B] Xylem

P__________p r__________s help plants with w__________k s________s to stand erect.

Mangroves have p_______________________s. These provide a way for o____________n to be a_________________d by roots that are surrounded by w___________r. They contain lots of a__________________a which helps with d________________n inside the p_________________e.

Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Parent Root B] Bacterial Zone C] Sclerenchyma D] Vascular Tissues

Bacteria in the genus R_______________m invade the roots of various L_____________s and form r_____t n________________s. The bacteria occupy the c_______________l region of these and are able to f___x atmospheric n_____________n and convert it into organic forms. The bacteria induce the production of l___________________n by the host plant. This absorbs o_____________n and helps the function of the enzyme n__________________e which is inhibited by o________________n. The presence of s__________________a provides a barrier to o______________n penetration and the location of the bacteria also helps to lower the o______________n level. The nodules have a well developed system of v_______________r b______________s which help to distribute the fixed n_____________n to the rest of the plant. There are two types of nodules. D________________e nodules form rapidly and last a few d__s or w______s. I_________________e nodules have a_______________l m_____________________s and last for m__________s and y__________s.

Cycads produce a________________________t root n___________________s that contain nitrogen-fixing C________________a.

Approximately ____% of plants have a mycorrhizal symbiosis.

There are two kinds of Mycorrhizae, namely e_____ & e______mycorrhizae.

E____mycorrhizal fungi form a thick m___________e o_______________e the host root. Their hyphae penetrate the c______l w_______s of C___________e parenchyma cells but do not enter their p______________s.

E______mycorrhizal fungi do not form a thick external m_____________e. Their hyphae penetrate the p______________s of C________________l p____________________a cells where they form highly branched a_________________s and large v_______________s. The abbreviation for Endomycorrhizae is VAM. E____mycorrhizae are the most common in nature. Mycorrhizal fungi help plant roots absorb p______________s and w__________r from the soil.

It is important to establish the appropriate mycorrhizal symbioses before outplanting n_____________y stock plants into n_______________l ecosystems.

Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Stele B] Fungal Mantle C] Cortex D] This is an Ecto or Endo mycorrhizae
Place these terms in the correct Boxes A] Infected Parenchyma Cells B] Stele C] Cortex D] D] This is an Ecto or Endo mycorrhizae