Bot 311 Veg

Bot 311 Veg. Adapt. Land Plants Worksheet Name ______________________________________________

The two most important Epidermal adaptations for the survival of plants on land are the c_________________e & s_________________a.

Mulicellularity: Increased Volume of the Organism greatly increases the total s________________e a________a of the cells and their membranes. This enhances the ability to e_______________e c_______________s & w_____________r with the environment, and provides _______________s for essential nutrients. It allows the s________________n of a______________e and non-a________________e regions of the organism. This leads to cell and tissue s_____________________n. The accumulated effect of the cellular e_______________n (cell walls) and the t_____________r pressure of many cells combined, provides a greater degree of s______________l s______________t. This protects the organism from p_________________l forces like the movements of air and water. This also i_____________s or buffers them from local c______________s in t__________________e or m________________e as well as n________________t availability. This also leads to l_________________r organisms which can "out compete" other organisms for the resources available in the environment. Parts of the plant may s________________e attack by an h______________es or p_______________ns and can regenerate complete organisms. Larger organisms tend to have l____________r l____________e spans.

The most important basic functions for the survival of land plants are a_____________g, r_______________g, t______________________g, w____________r, performing p________________________s & t______________________g p____________________e. All of these involve ____________________.

The Table below contains illustrations of key stages in the evolution of land plant adaptations. Place the Letter for the best Match next to the images in the Table. A=Development of a Cuticle B=Filamentous (Uniseriate) Organism C=Multiseriate Sheet-like Organism D=Lower Epidermis E=Multistratose Organism with Upper & Lower Epidermis & Central Chlorenchyma F=Multistratose Chlorenchyma G=Stomata & Aerenchyma H=One Vascular Bundle I=Complex Vascular System J=Cylindrical Photosynthetic Stem with Apical Meristem K=Photosynthetic & Non-Photosynthetic Stems L=Bipolar Organism (Shoot-Root) M=Dichotomous Branching N=Lateral Branching M=Leaves

Hornworts (Anthocerophyta) have a S_____________c relationship with N___________n-F_____________g C___________________a. Hornworts tend to be "P______________r" organisms that can colonize open areas in wet environments. Their S________________s contributes to this because N_____________n is typically a "limiting element" in terrestrial ecosystems.

Liverworts (Hepatophyta) Marchantia displays 3 important Epidermal adaptations. These are ______ & Do what__________________________

A] _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

B] _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

C] _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

It also displays significant adaptations in its Ground Tissues. These include C__________________a with significant a____r s__________s (A_____________________a) and Non-P_____________________c S________________e P__________________a.

Place the Letters for the Terms that are the Best Match for structures indicated in the Boxes of the Images below. Some apply to Both.

A=Rhizoids B] Pore C=Upper Epidermis D=Photosynthetic Aerenchyma E= Storage Parenchyma

In the most advanced organisms of this type, highly elongated cells with some wall thickenings occupy the center of the N____________e. These resemble T______________s and are called H_________________s. However, they lack most of the features associated with T____________y E_________________s in seed plants.

L_____________y L_____________________s (Hepatophyta) developed L___________f-S____________m organization, and A______________l M____________________s. However, the L_______________s may only be 1 C__________l L__________r thick and they lack V________________r T________________e. They have few adaptations that protect them from d_________________n BUT they have an amazing capacity to t_______________e d_______________n without losing v_________________y, and they can be r_______________d when w____________r becomes available.

Place the Letter for the Best Match inside the Boxes. L=Leaf S=Stem

The Bryophyta (Moss) have species that grow V_______________ly. This requires the development of s_________________g & c_____________________g T_______________s . The most complex species have E________________t P______________________ic and S__________________n stems. The latter are R_______t-like and produce hairs called R_________________s. They can have comparatively complex L____________s which have a N________e (M_______________b) that has c______________g & s_______________g tissues. In some cases the C_________________a can be complex and have prominent a____r s_______s (A__________________a). The small intercellular s___________s between the P________________ic cells can hold W____________r due to capillary action. However, these leaves do not have an upper E__________________s to protects the C________________a.

Place the Letter fro the Best Match inside the Boxes.

A=Aerenchyma (Photosynthetic)

B=Nerve

C=Rhizoids

D=Vertical (Photosynthetic Stems)

E=Horizontal Stem

Psilophyta: (Wisk Fern) The Psilophyta contains a genus called Psilotum which closely resembles plants like Rhynia. It is essentially a S_______m that has two interconnected forms. Its U________________d Stem (R____________e) produces A_____________l Photosynthetic Stems which. The L____________s are minute and contribute little to the plant's nutrition. The R___________e produces R____________s which act like root hairs.

Each Stem has an A____________l C_____l and they Branch D______________y.

The Leaves originate at the S_________t A__________l M______________m. However, they are minute and most P___________________s is performed by the S__________m.

The Stem has ridges and valleys. The S___________________a occur in the d________________s. This provides a small amount of protection from excess water loss when the S_________________a are open. Some R_____________e tips grow u______________s and these are converted into P_______________________c shoots.

The Xylem of Psilotum contains T_________________s which are similar to those seen in other Vascular Plants. These have characteristic S________________y W__________l T__________________s, unlike the Hydroids we examined earlier.

The Phloem contains S___________e E________________s which are similar to those seen with other Vascular Plants, unlike Leptoids.

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes

A=Epidermis

B=Xylem

C=Chlorenchyma

D=Sclerenchyma

E=Endodermis

F=Sclerenchyma

G=Non-Photosynthetic Parenchyma

H=Phloem

Lycophyta: (Club Moss or Wolf Foot)

Plants in the Lycophyta have E___________t Stems as well as S_______________s and R_______________s. They are relatively large compared to Hepatophyta, and Bryophyta but they rarely exceed a meter in height. They are mostly T___________________l but can be E________________s and their pendant stems can be more than a meter in length. They have M___________________s and R________________s. Branching is I__________________s D_________________s for S_______s & R_________s. The Apical Meristem can have several "Initials" rather than a solitary Apical Cell. The production of L____________s from the Shoot Apical Meristem is similar to that of flowering plants. The Roots are A_____________s and originate in the S_______________m.

The M__________s have one central V______________r B_____________e with X____________m and P_____________m. The C__________________a is simple compared to flowering plants although there may be large air spaces (A___________a). The Epidermis has a thick C______________e and S______________a.

The Root has a very simple S__________e with a central core of X________m surrounded by P_____________m. The Stele in the Stem is more complex. The Xylem resembles s____________s or f__________s. Each Xylem arm is surrounded by P_____________m and an Endodermis. There can be extensive S___________________a tissue in the outer C____________x of Stems. This allows Lycopodium Stems to be E___________t.

The L__________f T___________s are small V________________r B_______________s which diverge from the central Stele and connect with the V__________n in the L__________f. This produces a fully i___________________d v_______________r system that includes the three major vegetative o___________s and reproductive leaves.

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes A= Roots B=Stolon C=Xylem D=Phloem E=Endodermis F= Erect Shoot

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes A=Vein B=Stele C=Chlorenchyma D=Epidermis E=Endodermis F=Sclerenchyma G=Xylem H=Phloem I=Leaf Traces

Pterophyta (Ferns): Ferns typically have subterranean stems called R______________________s. Some species have S____________s which are horizontal “above ground” stems. Most species are Terrestrial but some are Epiphytic and a few are Aquatic. Some species produce significant A________________l S_________________s and resemble small trees. Hence, their designation as "Tree Ferns". Roots are A________________________s and arise from the S___________________m. The stems of tree ferns have a thick coat of these roots which are initiated near the apex of the stem and grow down the outside of the stem. This has some obvious disadvantages. The roots must travel a long distance through the A____________________e before reaching the S______________l. Consequently, W______________r loss can readily occur over this distance. They are also subjected to any B___________c or A_____________c events that occur over this expanse.

Fern Leaves have a unique manner of development. The immature leaves are tightly coiled into a structure called a "F______________________d". During maturation, the leaf uncoils from the bottom to its top. This is called C_____________________e V________________________n .

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes

A=Stolon or Rhizome

B=Leaf or Frond

C=Circinate Vernation or Fiddle Head

The most significant vegetative adaptation seen in these plants is the M______________________l which has more than one V______________n in its B_________e and its Leaf Trace is associated with a L_________f G_______p in the Stem. This occurs when part of the V_________________r T____________e in the stem diverts towards the leaf. This is called a L_________f T____________e. The integrity of the Stele is restored above the L__________f G_____p. P______________a cells replace the L________f T___________e above the level of its divergence and fill the L_________f G_______p. The predominate organizational pattern for fern leaves is P______________________e.

The presence of Megaphylls and their associated Leaf Gaps in the Stele result in the occurrence of complex stelar organization in some ferns. A S___________________e has a H________________w C________________r of Vascular Tissue which encloses a central P______h. The C______________x is the Ground Tissue between the Vascular Cylinder and the Epidermis. Some ferns have a Stele that contains separate V___________________r B______________s. This is a D____________________e.

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes

A=Node

B=Internode

C=Stele

F=Leaf Trace

G=Leaf Gap

H=Pith

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes

A=Node

B= Leaf Gap

C=Stele

F=Leaf Trace

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes (Some are used twice)

A=Pith

B=Xylem

C=Cortex

D=Dictyostele

E=Vascular Bundles

F=Siphonostele

Leaf Anatomy can be simple or can be as complex as that seen with flowering plants. Some have P_____________e and S______________y M________________l. Fern leaves are highly sophisticated and they represent a major advance over the M_____________________l! They can have R___________________e & D__________________s Venation.

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes A=Veins B=Palisade C=Circinate Vernation D=Dichotomous E=Reticulate F=Spongy

Fern Apical Meristems tend to have A_______________l C__________________s. Fern Roots have the same basic anatomy as other roots. They do exhibit L_________________l B______________________g which is a major advance over D________________________s B______________________g.

Place the Letter for the Best Match in the Boxes

A=Lateral Root

B=Stele

C=Cortex

D=Phloem

E-Xylem

Coniferophyta: The Coniferophyta is a relatively large group of plants that form the dominant component of vast ecosystems. The most significant vegetative adaptations are S__________________y G_______________h and the production of protective B_______s. They also have a significant amount of i___________________l E_____________________n which allows them to grow faster than the other plants we have reviewed. Their Leaves have adaptations which foster survival in E__________________e H____________________s. The "tree line" in the northern hemisphere is the conifer line. These are the most tolerant woody plants with regard to H___________t, C________d, A______________y and combinations thereof. Secondary Growth is the result of L_____________________l M__________________s (V_________________r C_________________m & C_____________k C_________________m). The plane of cell division in both is predominately P________________l . This produces radial files of cells that increase the G______________h of the organ. Primary Growth refers to all cells & tissues produced directly by Derivatives of A_____________l M___________________s. The heirearchy of tissue production starts with the Apical Meristem. This produces P______________y M________________s which have distinguishing characteristics. For instance, the P_____________________m is a unicellular layer on the surface of the apex and it only divides A____________________y & produces the E________________s. P____________m thus, has a characteristic location and type of cell division. Cells produced by Primary Meristems differentiate into P_________________y T__________________s.