Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

Scientific Name Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr.
Family Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

Other Names Bamboo orchid
Status Alien
Distribution Native to Southeastern Asia, India, Malesia, and some Pacific Islands.   Naturalized in Hawai'i; sometimes locally common in disturbed, mesic to wet forest, and as a pioneer on lava fields, 75-920 m, on Kaua'i, O'ahu (Ko'olau Mountains), East Maui, and South Hilo and Puna Districts, Hawai'i (Wagner, et al. 1990: 1471).
Locations in this Guide Sulphur Banks, Thurston Lava Tube, Devil's Throat
General Appearance
This is an ground orchid plant.  It grows erect, generally with a single stem.  

Several stems may be growing together forming a small clump of plants.

These clumps are generally spaced out.  Finding more than a clump or two in a small area is relatively uncommon.

These ground orchids are generally found in the more open, lower elevation sites described in this guide.  Look for it along the roadsides near the Puhimau Hot Spot, the Mid-Elevation Woodland and in Sulphur Banks.

Since this species is frequently in flower, you'll generally be able to identify it by its distinctive flower.

Sulphur Banks

Puhimau Hot Spot

Puhimau Hot Spot
Leaves
Notice the relatively narrow, grass-like leaves. Sulfur Banks
Puhimau Hot Spot
Flowers & Fruits
There are usually only one or two flowers at the top of the plant.  These flowers are large, often as much as two inches across (Stone and Pratt 1994: 139).  The colors are white and purple (or lavender).  Look for a yellow throat in the flower. Puhimau Hot Spot

Puhimau Hot Spot

Sulphur Banks Sulphur Banks
Fruits of this species are commonly seen.  They are prominent green capsules that have distinctive ribs.  They turn brown as they dry.

The dry capsules eventually open and the tiny seeds are dispersed by the wind.

The thousands of seeds provide this species with a large reproductive capacity.  Combine this with its ability to reproduce asexually.  These factors explain how it has expanded its range in recent years.

While it is widespread in the Park, it is not considered a serious pest and it is not being controlled (Stone and Pratt 1994: 139).

Sulphur Banks

Sulphur Banks

Sulphur Banks
Phenology
Sulfur Banks Only one plant with a flower. 5/6/01
     
     
Natural History
Conservation Stone and Pratt (1994: 139) describe the introduction of this species.  They point out that it was grown in gardens in Hawaii in the early part of the 20th century.  It escaped cultivation by 1945 and became naturalized so that it is now found on at least four of the main Hawaiian Islands.
Miscellaneous Photos
Other Notes There are two other alien ground orchids in the Park (Stone and Pratt 1994: 139).  These are the Malaysian ground orchid (Spathoglottis plicata) and the Chinese ground orchid (Phiaus tankarvilleae).

References Wagner, Warren, Derral Herbst and S. H. Sohmer 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i. University of Hawaii Press.
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Last Updated: 08/05/03