Photo mosaic of Pacific coral reef scenes
Pacific Islands Coral Reef Program
Environmental Reports and Publications - American and (western) Samoa
This is a complete set of all known environmental reports and publications compiled by the park's inventory and monitoring staff as of 2008.

Atlas
Nat'l Park
of Am Samoa

Corals
Nat'l Park
of Am Samoa
Fishes
Nat'l Park
of Am Samoa
Plants
Nat'l Park
of Am Samoa
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Carpenter, K., et al. 1998a. The living marine resources of western central Pacific. Vol 1. Seaweeds, coral, bivalves and gastropods. FAO, Rome. 700 pp.
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x2401e/x2401e00.htm>		  
   
Carpenter, K., et al. 1998b. The living marine resources of western central Pacific. Vol 2. Cephalopods, crustaceans, holothurians and sharks. FAO, Rome. 716 pp.
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x2401e/x2401e00.htm>		  
   
Carpenter, K., et al. 1999a. The living marine resources of western central Pacific. Vol 3. Batoid fishes, chimeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome. 678 pp.
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x2401e/x2401e00.htm>		  
   
Carpenter, K., et al. 1999b. The living marine resources of western central Pacific. Vol 4. Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae). . FAO, Rome. 726 pp.
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x2401e/x2401e00.htm>		  
   
Carpenter, K., et al. 2001a. The living marine resources of western central Pacific. Vol 5. Bony fishes, part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae). FAO, Rome. 590 pp.
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x2401e/x2401e00.htm> 		  
   
Carpenter, K., et al. 2001b. The living marine resources of western central Pacific. Vol 6. Bony fishes, part 4 (Labridade to Latinmeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammals. FAO, Rome. 844 pp.
<http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/x2401e/x2401e00.htm> 		  
   
Cary, L. 1931. Studies on the coral reefs of Tutuila, AS with special reference to the Alcyonaria. Papers Tortugas Lab, Carnegie Inst Washington 413:53-98.  
   
CFEE. 2000. Protecting our national marine sanctuaries. AS section only. pp 63-68. NAPA, Washington, DC. 
   
CH2M Hill. 1984. Oceanographic studies in support of AS wastewater facilities planning. Rpt to ASG Dept of Public Works. 20 pp. 
   
CH2M Hill. 1991a. Use attainability and site-specific criteria analysis: Pago Pago Harbor, AS. Rpt to StarKist Samoa, Inc. and VCS Samoa Packing Co. 123 pp.  
   
CH2M Hill. 1991b. Water quality survey in Pago Pago Harbor, AS. Rpt to ASEPA. 114 pp.  
   
CH2M Hill. 2006. Environmental AS assessment for USS Chehalis Pago Pago, AS (Phases I & II). Rpt to ASEPA. 81 pp. 
   
Chambers, J., et al. 1975. The spiny lobster Panulirus penicillatus (Oliver) in AS. CA Polytechnic State Univ, San Luis Obispo, CA. 25 pp.  
   
Christensen, C. 1943. A revision of the Pteridophyta of Samoa. Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 177:3-138. 
   
Christophersen, E. 1935. Flowering plants of Samoa. Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 128:1-221.  
   
Clemens, J. 1997. Investigations of ciguatera in AS. DMWR. 22 pp. 
   
Cole, T., et al. 1988. Vegetation survey and forest inventory, AS. USDA Resource Bulletin PSW-25. 14 pp.  
   
Coles, S., et al. 2003. Introduced marine species in Pago Pago Harbor, Fagatele Bay and Ntl Park Coast, AS. Bishop Museum Tech Rpt 26, Honolulu, HI. 182 pp. <http://www.bishopmuseum.org/research/pbs/pdf/pagopago.pdf> 
   
Comstock, J. 1966. Lepidoptera of AS with particular reference to biology and ecology. Bernice P Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI. 74 pp.  
   
Cook, R. 1998. Preservation of tropical rainforest through feral pig control. Draft. Rpt to NPSA. 33 pp. 
   
Cook, R. 2001a. A survey of Laufuti Stream, Ta'u Island, NPSA. DOI, NPS. Tech Rpt NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2001/290. 37 pp. 
   
Cook, R. 2001b. Specificity of Liothrips urichi (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) for Clidemia hirta in AS. Proc Hawaiian Entomology Society 35:143-144. 
   
Cook, R. 2004. Macrofauna of Laufuti Stream, Ta'u, AS, and the role of physiography in its zonation. Pacific Science 58(1):7-21. 
   
Cook, R., et al. 2000. Range extension of Doleschallia tongana (Nymphalidae) to the Samoan archipelago, with notes on its life history and ecology. Journal of the Lepidopterists Society 54(1):33-35. 
   
Cook, S. 1992. Environmental assessment Ofu-Olosega road upgrade. Rpt to Hastings Assoc, AS. 31 pp. 
   
Cornish, A., et al. 2002. The AS coral reef monitoring program. Rpt to CRAG. 73 pp. 
   
Cornish, A., et al. 2004. Resurvey of a reef flat in AS after 85 years reveals devastation to a soft coral (Alcyonacea) community. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48:768-777. 
   
Costa, S., et al. 1991. Water quality survey in Pago Pago Harbor, AS. Rpt to USEPA. 114 pp.  
   
Costa, S., et al. 2003. Water quality monitoring strategy for Pago Pago Harbor, AS. Rpt to ASEPA. 60 pp. 
   
Coulter, J. 1941. Land utilization in AS. Bernice P Bishop Museum Bulletin 170:1-47. 
   
Coutures, E. 2003a. The biology and artisanal fishery of lobsters of AS. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 103. 67 pp. 
   
Coutures, E. 2003b. The palolo harvest [Palola (Eunice) viridis] in AS 2001 and 2002. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 101. 13 pp. 
   
Coutures, E. 2003c. The shoreline fishery of AS analysis of 1-yr data (April 02- March 03) and implementation of a new sampling protocol. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 102. 22 pp. 
   
Cowie, R. 1992. Evolution and extinction of Partulidae, endemic Pacific island land snails. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B) 335:167-191. 
   
Cowie, R. 1998. Catalog of the non-marine snails and slugs of Samoan Islands. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Zoology 3(i-viii):1-122.
http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/PBS/samoasnail/Cowie1998.html
  
   
Cowie, R. 2001a. Decline and homogenization of Pacific faunas: the land snails of AS. Biological Conservation 99:207-222. 
   
Cowie, R. 2001b. Land snail survey of Olosega. Univ of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI and ASCCLGP. 2 pp. 
   
Cowie, R. (no date). Samoan snails and slugs, a field identification guide. In prep. 51 pp. 
   
Cowie, R., et al. 1998. Partulid and other land snails of the NPSA. Tentacle 8:13-14. 
   
Cowie, R., et al. 1999. The distribution and abundance of lands snails in the NPSA, with particular focus on Partulidae. CPSU, Univ of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI. CPSU Tech Rpt 125. 142 pp. 
   
Cowie R., et al. 2001. Extinction or survival: partulid tree snails in AS. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:143-159. 
   
Cowie, R., et al. 2002a. The endangered partulid tree snail Samoana thurstoni (Cooke and Crampton, 1930) on Olosega and the land snail diversity of the Manu'a islands, AS. American Malacological Bulletin 17(1/2):37-43. 
   
Cowie, R., et al. 2002b. The land snails of a small tropical Pacific island, Aunu'u, AS. Pacific Science 56(2):143-147. 
   
Cowie, R., et al. 2003. The decline of native Pacific island faunas: changes in status of the land snails of Samoa through the 20th century. Biological Conservation 110:55-65. 
   
Cox, P. 1979. Use of indigenous plants as fish poisons in Samoa. Economic Botany 33(4):397-399. 
   
Cox, P. 1981. Use of hallucinogenic mushroom, Copelandia cyanescens, in Samoa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:115-116. 
   
Cox, P. 1983. Observations on the natural history of Samoan bats. Mammalia 47(4):519-523. 
   
Cox, P. 1984a. Chiropterophily and ornithophily in Freycinetia (Pandanaceae) in Samoa. Plant Systematics and Evolution 144:277-290. 
   
Cox, P. 1984b. Flying fox nearly extinct in Samoa. Bats. 2 pp. 
   
Cox, P. 1991. Polynesian herbal medicine. pp 147-168. In: Cox P, et al. (eds). Islands, plants, and Polynesians: an introduction to Polynesian ethnobotany. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR.
228 pp.		 
   
Cox, P. 1993. Saving the ethnopharmacological heritage of Samoa. Journal of Ethnopharmacological. 38:181-188. 
   
Cox, P. 1994. Wild plants as food and medicine in Polynesia. pp 102-113. In: Etkin N (ed). Eating on the wild wide: the pharmacologic, ecologic and social implications of using noncultigens. Univ of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ. 305 pp. 
   
Cox, P, et al. 1987. Effects of Hurricane Tusi on rainforest vegetation in Tau, AS. Brigham Young Univ, Provo UT.  
   
Cox, P., et al. 1991a. Indigenous control of tropical rainforest reserves: an alternative strategy for conservation. Ambio 20(7):317-319. 
   
Cox, P., et al (eds). 1991b. Islands, plants, and Polynesians: an introduction to Polynesian ethnobotany. Dioscorides Press, Portland, OR. 228 pp.  
   
Cox, P., et al. 1993. Ecocolonialism and indigenous knowledge systems: village controlled rainforest preserves in Samoa. Pacific Conservation Biology 1:6-13. 
   
Cox, P., et al. 1997. Ecocolonialism and indigenous-controlled rainforest preserves in Samoa. Ambio 26(2):84-89. 
   
CRAG. 2000. American Samoa's state of the reefs. ASG. 23 pp. 
   
CRAG. 2002. AS marine protected areas planning workshop proceedings. CRAG. 38 pp. 
   
CRAG. 2003a. AS Coral Reef Advisory Group recent accomplishments. CRAG. 6 pp. 
   
CRAG. 2003b. Coral Reef Advisory Group three-year plan 2003-2006. CRAG. 3 pp. 
   
CRAG. 2003c. Summary sheet: global warming and climate change in AS. CRAG. 1 p.  
   
CRAG. 2007. Potential climage change impacts to AS. CRAG. 8 pp. 
   
Craig, J. 2001. Riparian habitat enhancement and stream hydromodification in AS. pp 91-92. In: 19th Annual Pacific Islands Conf. 168 pp. 
   
Craig, P. 1992. Species identification problems during fruit bat surveys in AS. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 25. 8 pp.
 
   
Craig, P. 1993a. Albacore landings in AS, 1987-1992. Proc SPC Fifth Albacore Research Workshop, Noumea, New Caledonia, Working Paper 7. 4 pp. 
   
Craig, P. 1993b. Albacore landings in AS, 1976-1992. Proc SPC Third Western Pacific Yellowfin Tuna Research Group, Working paper 16. 3 pp.
<http://www.spc.int/mrd/fishlib.php>		 
   
Craig, P. 1994 Workshop to identify important fish issues in AS. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 57. 19 pp. 
   
Craig, P. 1995a. Are tropical nearshore fisheries manageable in view of projected population increases? DMWR Biological Rpt Series 71. Proc SPC/FFA Reg Inshore Mgmt Workshop, Noumea, New Caledonia. 6 pp. 
   
Craig, P. 1995b. Temperature data sets for nearshore and offshore waters of AS. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 77. 15 pp. 
   
Craig, P. 1995c. Tough decisions about population policy. DMWR. 4 pp. 
   
Craig, P. 1996. Intertidal territoriality and time-budget of the surgeonfish, Acanthurus lineatus, in AS. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 65. Environmental Biology of Fishes 46:27-36. 
   
Craig, P. 1998. Temporal spawning patterns of several surgeonfishes and wrasses in AS. Pacific Science 52(1):35-39. 
   
Craig, P. 1999. The von Bertalanffy growth curve: when a good fit is not good enough. Naga, ICLARM Quarterly 22(4):28-29. 
   
Craig, P. 2002a. Rapidly approaching extinction: sea turtles in the central So Pacific. pp 1-3. In: Kinan I (ed). Proc WPac Sea Turtle Coop Research and Mgmt, Honolulu, HI. 
   
Craig, P. 2002b. Slow-moving waves of polyp retraction traverse Porites lobata mounds. Coral Reefs 21:373-374. <http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/basch/uhnpscesu/pdfs/CraigPorites02.pdf>  
   
Craig, P. 2002c. Status of coral reefs in AS. 9 pp. In: Turgeon D, et al. Status and trends US coral reefs. NOAA. 265 pp. 
   
Craig, P. 2003. Fiji's strategic role as a turtle foraging area in the central So Pacific region. SPREP 6th Reg Marine Turtle Conservation Programme, Apia, WS. 3 pp. 
   
Craig, P., Ed., 2009. Natural History Guide to American Samoa.
Report by the National Park of American Samoa, American Samoa Dept of Marine and Wildlife Resources, and the American Samoa Community College. 131 pp.		 
   
Craig, P. 2008. American Samoa: Environmental Trends 2008.
2008, Pago Pago.		 
   
Craig, P. et al. 1990. Identification of important wildlife issues in AS. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 16. 14 pp. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1991a. Fruit bats in AS: their status and future. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 19. USFWS Biological Rpt 90(23):127-131. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1991b. Hunter harvest of fruit bats and birds in AS, 1990-91. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 24. 13 pp. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1993a. The commercial, subsistence, and recreational fisheries of AS. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 44. Marine Fisheries Review 55(2):109-116. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1993b. Turtle and marine mammal conservation activities in AS. DMWR. 3 pp. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1994a. Subsistence harvest of birds, fruit bats, and other game in AS, 1990-1991. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 31. Pacific Science 48(4):344-352. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1994b. The decline of fruit bats in AS due to hurricanes and over-hunting. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 54. Biological Conservation 69:261-266. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1995. Coral reef troubles in AS. DMWR Biological Rpt Series 66. SPC Fisheries Newsletter 72:33-34. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1997. Population biology and harvest of a coral reef surgeonfish (Acanthurus lineatus) in AS. Fishery Bulletin 95:680-693. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 1999. Workshop report and development of 5-year plan for coral reef management in AS (2000-2004). CRAG. 28 pp. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 2000a. Impacts of rapid population growth in AS: A call for action. Rpt to ASG. 31 pp. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 2000b. The central So Pacific ocean (AS) - Chap 103. pp 765-772. In: Sheppard C (ed). Seas at the millennium: An environmental evaluation. Vol II. Elsevier Science. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 2001a. Developing a coral reef monitoring program for the national park of AS: a practical management-driven approach for small marine protected areas. NPS. 17 pp. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 2001b. High temperatures tolerated by a diverse assemblage of shallow-water corals in AS. Coral Reefs 20:185-189. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 2004. Migrations of green turtles in the central So Pacific. Biological Conservation 116:433-438. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 2005. The state of coral reef ecosystems of AS. pp 312-337. In: Waddell J (ed). The status of the coral reef ecosystems of the US and Pacific freely associated states. NOAA Tech Rpt NOS NCCOS 11. 522 pp. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 2006. Overfished coral reefs in AS: no quick fix. Reef Encounter 33:21-22. 
   
Craig, P., et al. 2008. Subsistence harvest of coral reef resources in the outer islands of American Samoa: modern, historic and prehistoric catches. Fisheries Research 89(2008)230-240. 
   
Cranfield, C., et al. 1999. Reconnaissance survey of Olosega and Sili Village lands natural and cultural resources. NPS. 
   
CRED. 2007. AS collection: multibeam bathymetry and backscatter maps. NOAA. Maps 44 pp. Metadata 88 pp.  
   
Cribb, P., et al. 1996. The Orchids of Samoa. Kew Gardens, London. 141 pp.  
   
Crook, M. 1987. Static fishing around fish aggregating devices (FADs) and offshore banks in AS. SPC Fisheries Newsletter 42:27-32. 
   
Crosby, M., et al. 2002. Priorities and strategies for addressing natural and anthropogenic threats to coral reefs in Pacific island nations. Ocean and Coastal Mgmt 45:121-137.  
   
Crossland, J. 1978. AS Baitfish Project. SPC Fisheries Newsletter 17:7-9.
<http://www.spc.int/mrd/fishlib.php>
 
   
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Birds
Nat'l Park
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of Am Samoa