BOT 101 General Botany (3) Growth, functions, and evolution of plants; their relations to the environment and particularly to humans and human activities. (Cross-listed as BIOL 102) DB

BOT 101L General Botany Lab (1) (3-hr Lab) Lab observations and experiments illustrating basic principles of plant biology. Pre: BOT 101 (or concurrent).(Cross-listed as BIOL 102L) DY

BOT 105 Ethnobotany (3) (2 Lec, 1 Demonstration) Plants and their influence upon culture of Hawai'i and Pacific; uses of cultivated and wild plants. Co-requisite: 105L. DS. H Focus.

BOT 105L Ethnobotany Laboratory (1) (1 3-hr Lab) Laboratory exercises, experiments, and analysis in ethnobotany. A-F only. Co-requisite: 105. DY

BOT 135 Magical Mushrooms and Mystical Molds (3) Impact of fungi in nature and on humankind. Selected historical events in which fungi played a significant role, thier activities as decomposers and pothogens, and their uses as sources for mind altering drugs in religous ceremonies and in food and beverage production in various societies. DB

BOT 160 Campus Plants (2) Nontechnical course emphasizing recognition of the many interesting tropical plants seen on campus; origin, status in Hawai'i, and cultural and economic uses of campus plants. DB

BOT 180 Plant Life in the Sea (4) (3 Lec, 1 3-hr Lab) Combined lecture-lab course to introduce common marine plants in Hawaiian costal areas via discussion of morphology, growth, ecological functions, and native/alien status. Field trips to observe plants in local habitats. DB

BOT 201 Plant Evolutionary Diversity (3) Significance of evolutionary trends in the plant world, including reproductive, morphological and life history adaptations by algae, fungi, and vascular plants. Pre: BOT 101 or college general biology. Co-requisite: BOT 201L. DB

BOT 201L Plant Evolutionary Diversity Lab (1) (1 3-hr Lab) Lab exercises in the morphology and systematics of land plants, fungi, and algae. Co-requisite: BOT 201. DY

BOT 311 Form & Function in Algae & Plants (3) Structural and functional adaptations of algae and plants, with an emphasis on their ecological significance in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Emphasis on bryophytes and pteridophytes. Marine macrophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms will also be included. Both vegetative and reproductive structures considered. Pre: 201 and 201L, or consent. DB

BOT 350 Resource Management and Conservation in Hawai'i (3) Management of native Hawaiian organisms and ecosystems with particular attention to strategies, planning, research, and management actions necessary to control alien influences and promote native species. Pre: college general biology. DB. W Focus.

BOT 351 Inside Tropical Ecosystems (3) Ecology of tropical ecosystems; biodiversity and its values; energy flow, successional stages and nutrient cycles; approaches to conservation and resource management. Emphasis on Hawaiian ecosystems via field trips to study local examples. Pre: BOT 101 or BIOL 172; or consent. DB

BOT 351L Inside Tropical Ecosystems (1) (1 3-hr Lab) Introduction to ecological methods and common plant species of Hawaiian marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Pre: consent. Co-requisite: BOT 351. DY

BOT 399 Botanical Problems (V) Individualized directed research. Intended for upper division botany majors. Repeatable six times. Pre: BOT 101, BIOL 172, or consent.

BOT 410 Plant Anatomy (3) Structure of vascular plants; origin and differentiation of tissues; relation of structure to function. Pre: BOT 201. Co-requisite: BOT 401L. Recommended: BOT 470. DB

BOT 410L Plant Anatomy Lab (1) (1 3-hr Lab) Lab study of plant structure. Co-requisite: BOT 410. DY

BOT 430 Mycology (2) Morphology, physiology, ecology of fungi; their identification. Pre: BOT 201, BIOL 172, or consent. DB

BOT 430L Mycology Lab (2) (2 3-hr Lab) Laboratory to accompany 430. Pre: 430 (or concurrent) or consent. DY

BOT 440 Advanced Ethnobotany (3) Advanced studies of plant uses in cultural contexts focusing upon impacts of plant-culture interactions in development of cultures, cultivars, medicinals, ethnoecologies, ethics, and intellectual property. Pre: BOT 105, BOT 461 and ANTH 200, or consent. DS

BOT 442 Medical Ethnobotany (3) Survey and theory of plants used as medicines, cultural perspectives of herbal medicine, and the botanical/chemical basis of allopathic and naturopathic medicine. Pre: BOT 105 or consent. Recommended: CHEM 272 or BIOC 341. DS

BOT 444 Ecological Ethnobotany (3) Ecological implications of cultural uses of plants. Examines the biological basis for, and ecological effects of traditional and local resource management systems. Pre: one of 101, 105, 453, ANTH 200, BIOL 101, GEOG 328; or consent. DB. W Focus.

BOT 446 Hawaiian Ethnobotany (3) (2 Lec, 1 3-hr Lab) Methods and techniques of handling and identifying plant materials used by early Hawaiians and modern Hawaiians for house and canoe construction, clothing, household and fishing items, medicine, and food preparation. Reading, laboratory, and fieldwork. Pre: BOT 101 or BOT 105, ANTH 200 or ANTH 210, and consent. DS

BOT 448 Cognitive Ethnobotany (3) Survey, methods and theory of the cognitive aspects of human interactions with plants and plant enviroments. Lecture/discussion and term paper. Pre: 440 and ANTH 210, and consent. DS

BOT 450 Natural History of Hawaiian Islands (3) (2 Lec, 1-hr Lab) Geography, geology, climatology, biotic environment of Pacific Basin and Hawaiian Islands; endemism and evolution in terrestrial and marine biota of islands. Pre: one semester of biological sciences at college level. (Cross-listed as ZOOL 450) DB. H Focus, W Focus (some sections).

BOT 453 Plant Ecology & Environmental Measurements (4) (2 Lec, 2 3-hr Lab) Influence of natural environments on plant behavior (autecology). A field-oriented course to complement 454. Field trips. Should precede 454. Pre: one of BOT 101, BIOL 172, or ZOOL 101. DB, DY

BOT 454 Vegetation Ecology (4) (2 Lec, 2 3-hr Lab) Analysis and synthesis of plant communities and ecosystems (synecology). Field trips to develop local examples. integrated with 453. Pre: one of BOT 101, BIOL 172, or ZOOL 101. Recommended: BOT 453. DB, DY

BOT 455 Analysis of Biological Data (3) Application of computers to analysis of biological data; preparation and storage, report production, database analysis procedures, univariate and bivariate statistical analyses. Pre: BIOL 172 or consent.

BOT 456 Plant-Animal Interactions (3) Interdependence of plants and animals, emphasizing the influence of animals on plant fitness and evolution. Topics include pollination, fruit/seed dispersal, herbivory and ant-plant mutualisms. Pre: BIOL 265/265L or BOT 201/201L. DB

BOT 457 'Āina Mauliola: Hawaiian Ecosystems (3) Comprehensive analysis of of traditional and modern Hawaiian resource management practices. Rigorous overview of the dominant physical and biological processes from the uplands to the oceans in Hawai'i. Pre: BOT 105, HWST 107, and junior standing; or consent. (Cross-listed as HWST 458). E Focus, W Focus.

BOT 458 Natural Resources Issues and Ethics (4) Overview of the history of land, resources and power in Hawai'i; players and processes influencing land and natural resources polocies today explored from Naitve Hawaiian and other viewpoints. Extensive use of case studies. Pre: BOT 457 or HWST 457. (Cross-listed as HWST 458). E Focus.

BOT 459 Strategies in Hawaiian Resource Use (3) Analyzing diverse land and water use strategies of O`ahu, from traditional Hawaiian, scientific, and economic perspectives, through classroom and on-site lectures. Topics include traditional Hawaiian methods, modern development, threatened ecosystems, eco-tourism and scientific research. A-F only. Pre: BOT/HWST 457 (or concurrent) or consent. (Cross-listed as HWST 459). E Focus.

BOT 460: Hui Konohiki Internship: Applied Hawaiian Resource Use (3) A "hands-on" internship in an environmental or resource management organization in Hawai'i. The experience will be broadened and supplemented by classroom lectures, discussion and analysis from traditional Hawaiian, scientific and economic perspectives. A-F only. Pre: BOT/HWST 457, BOT/HWST 458 (or co-requisite), BOT/HWST 459; or consent. Spring only. (Cross-listed as HWST 460). E Focus, O Focus, W Focus.

BOT 461 Systematics of Vascular Plants (4) (2 Lec, 2 3-hr Lab) "Hands-on" experience with Hawai'i's unique tropical flora; emphasis on recognition and identification of vascular plant families and the principles and methodologies that define them; evolution of biodiversity. Pre 101 or college general biology. DB, DY

BOT 462 Plant Evolution (3) Major events and principles; includes the blue-green algae and fungi. Pre: BOT 201 or BIOL 172. DB

BOT 470 Principles of Plant Physiology (3) Integration of form and function from cellular to whole plant levels in processes from seed germination through photosynthesis, growth, and morphogenesis, to flowering and senescence. Pre: CHEM 152 and BIOL 171, or consent. Co-requisite: BOT 470L. (Cross-listed as TPSS 470) DB

BOT 470L Principles of Plant Physiology Lab (1) (3-hr tab) Principles of experimentation in plant physiology, includes individual investigations. A-F only. Pre: consent. Co-requisite: BOT 470. (Cross-listed as TPSS 470L) DY

BOT 480 Algal Diversity & Evolution (4) (3 Lec, 1 3-hr Lab) Principles of algal diversity, structure, and evolution. Identification of common Hawaiian algae. Pre: one of BOT 101, BIOL 172, MICR 351, ZOOL 101, or consent. DB DY

BOT 482 Adaptations of Plants to Marine Environment (3) morphological, physiological, cellular, and molecular examples of adaptation to marine environments by marine macroalgae, phytoplankton, and seagrasses. Pre: BOT 480. (Alt. years) DB

BOT 482L Adaptations of Plants to Marine Environment Lab (1) (1 3-hr Lab) Laboratory exercises emphasizing current research tools and opportunities in algal/sea grass physiological ecology. Repeatable one time. Pre: BOT 482 (or concurrent); or consent.  DY

BOT 500 Master's Plant B/C Studies (1)

BOT 601 Foundations of Current Botany I (2) Integrative discussion of fundamentals and recent breakthroughs in modules spanning the diversity of approaches and topics in modern botany.

BOT 602 Foundations of Current Botany II (2) Integrative discussion of fundamentals and recent breakthroughs in modules spanning the diversity of approaches and topics in modern botany.

BOT 606 Graduate Research Skills (2) (1 Lec, 1 3-hr Lab) Survey of major research areas in the botanical sciences with emphasis upon research opportunities in Hawaii and an overview of 1) skills needed by botanical researchers including writing scientific proposals, practicing ethical reasearch procedures, and collection of specimens, and 2) equipmentused by botanical researchers including computers, cameras, measuring and monitoring equipment, and global positioning systems. Lecture/discussion, Laboratory. Repeatable one time. Pre: graduate standing in biological science or approval.

BOT 610 Botanical Seminar (1) Study and discussion of significant topics and problems in botany.  Repeatable 3 times.

BOT 612 Advanced Botanical Problems (V) Investigation of any botanical problem; reading and laboratory work. Repeatable nine times. Pre: consent.

BOT 620 Perspectives in Modern Botany (2) Lectures by distinguished visiting professor on contemporary botanical topics in the lecturer's area of expertise. No more than 6 credit hours may be counted toward the MS degree requirement.  Repeatable five times.

BOT 640 Quantitative Ethnobotany (3) Modern ethnobotanical field research project design, executi on, data analysis, and documentation methods. Intended for students preparing to conduct field research studies.  Lecture/discussion, term paper. Pre: 105 and one of 201, 461, ANTH 200, or BIOL 172.

BOT 644 Ethnoecological Methods (3) Field techniques for assessing the ecological effects of cultural uses of plants. Emphasis on documenting traditional and local patterns of plant use and measuring the effects on plant individuals, populations, communities, and landscapes. Pre: previous course work in anthropology or biology.

BOT 650 Ecology Seminar (2) Literature reviews of concepts and methods in physiological and vegetation ecology. Repeatable three times. Pre: graduate standing; consent for well-prepared undergraduates.

BOT 651 Invasion Biology (3) Theories, models, patterns, and predictive methods relating to the introduction, establishment, and spread of introduced organisms. Application of principles of invasion biology to conservation and natural resource management. Pre: one of 453, 456, 482, MICR 485, or ZOOL 439; and 462 or BIOL 375; or consent.

BOT 652 Population Biology 3) Theory and applications of population biology; behavior of population models, as revealed by analytical methods and computer simulation; application to population problems such as endangered species; discussion fo classical and current literature in population biology. Pre: an upper-level ecology course and MATH 215 or MATH 241; or consent. (Cross-listed as ZOOL 652)

BOT 654 Advances in Plant Ecology (2) A research-oriented course focusing on recent advances in all areas of plant ecology. Involves critical review of recent literature, independent research project, oral and written presentation of project results. Repeatable 3 times. Pre: consent.

BOT 661 Hawaiian Vascular Plants (3) (2 lec, 1 3-hr Lab) Identification, systematics, evolution, and biogeography of native plants. Field trips. Pre: 461 or consent.

BOT 662 Advanced Systematics (4) (2 Lec, 2 3-hr Lab) Combined lecture-lab oriented course in the application of molecular protocols used in systematics and population genetics studies; emphasis on data gathering, data analysis, and presentation of results. Recommended: 669. Pre: BIOL 402, MBBE 402, PEPS 402 (or concurrent), or BIOC 441 or BIOL 441 (or concurrent); or consent. (Spring only)

BOT 663 Plant Cytotaxonomy (2) (1 Lec, 1 3-hr Lab) Aspects of cytogenetics most relevant to vascular plant taxonomy. Emphasis on student participation and mastery of cytogenetic techniques. Pre: 461 or consent. (Alt. years)

BOT 669 Molecular Systematics and Evolution (3) Molecular approaches to evolution, phylogenetics, and systematics. Basic use of chloroplast DNA, mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and electrophoresis. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony, distance, and comparative methods. Recommended: 201. Pre: BIOL 275, BIOL 402, BIOC 441, MBBE 402, or PEPS 402; or consent.

BOT 676 Environmental Physiology Seminar (2) Environmental stress; pollution; salinity, geobotany, and other interactions between the environment and plant processes. Current literature emphasized at multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary levels. Pre: graduate status in a biological science, geosciences, etc.; consent for well-prepared undergraduates.

BOT 680 Marine Macrophytes Seminar (2) Discussion of current literature in physiological ecology, cellular and molecular adaptations to environmental factors by marine plants. Repeatable four times. Pre: 480.

BOT 690 Conservation Biology (3) Theories and concepts of ecology, evolution, and genetics for conservation of biological diversity. Topics will incude restoration ecology, management planning, laws and policies, biological invasions. Pre: 453, 462, ZOOL 439, 462 or ZOOL 480. (Cross-listed as ZOOL 690)

BOT 699 Directed Research (V) Research preliminary to thesis or dissertation research. CR/NC only. Pre: consent of graduate committee.

BOT 700 Thesis Research (V) Pre: candidacy for MS degree and approval of thesis proposal.

BOT 750 Topics in Conservation Biology (V) Advanced topics in conservation and environmental biology. Repeatable three times. A-F only. Pre: consent. (Cross-listed as ZOOL 750)

BOT 800 Dissertation Research (V) Pre: candidacy for PhD and approval of dissertation proposal.

BIOL 101 Biology and Society (3) Characteristics of science, historical development of scientific concepts, and interaction of society with science illustrated by topics from biological science. Credit not given for both BIOL 101 and BIOL 123. DB

BIOL 101L (1) (1 3-hr Lab) Lab observations and experiments illustrating basic principles of plant biology. Pre: BIOL 101 (or concurrent). DY

BIOL 123 Hawaiian Environment Science (3) Characteristics of science and interaction with society illustrated by topics in geology, astronomy, oceanography and BIOLogy of Hawaiian Islands. Credit not given for both BIOL 123 and BIOL 101.

BIOL 171 Introductory Biology (3) Introductory biology for all life science majors. Cell structure and chemistry; growth, reproduction, genetics, evolution, viruses, bacteria, and simple eukaryotes. Pre: CHEM 151 or 161 (or concurrent) or consent. Co-requisite: BIOL 171L. DB

BIOL 171L Introductory Biology Lab (1) (1 3-hr Lab) Laboratory to accompany BIOL 171. Pre: CHEM 151 or 161 (or concurrent) or consent. Co-requisite: BIOL 171. DY

BIOL 172 Introduction to Biology II (3) Continuation of BIOL 171. Anatomy, physiology, and systematics of plants and animals; behavior; ecosystems; populations and communities. Pre: BIOL 171/171L. Co-requisite: BIOL 172L. DB

BIOL 172L Introduction to Biology II Lab(1) (1 3-hr Lab) Labratory to accompany BIOL 172. Co-requisite: BIOL 172. DY. W Focus.

BIOL 265 Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (3) Principles of ecology and evolution for life science majors stressing integrated approach and recent advances. Pre: BIOL 172/172L or consent. Co-requisite: BIOL 265L. DB

BIOL 310 Environmental Issues (3) Global environmental problems in historical perspective; physical, biological, sociocultural views. Pre: BIOL101 or BIOL123, GEOG 101, or consent.

BIOL 320 The Atoll (3) Atoll as ecosystem and as human environment. Formation, structure, distribution, biota. Pre: two semesters of introductory science or consent.

BIOL 360 Island Ecosystems (3) Characteristics of island biota; examples from Hawai'i and Pacific. Impact of island and continental cultures; policy and ecosystem endangerment; contemporary legislation, policy, and management practices. Pre: one semester of biological science or consent.

BIOL 363 Biological Field Studies (3) Biological survey, collection and analysis techniques will be reviewed and applied through field studies. Students will be introduced to the uniqueness of the Hawaiian environment and its diversity of life. Emphasis on diversity, evolution and ecology. Pre: BIOL 265/265L or equivalent; or consent. DB

BIOL 410 Human Role in Environmental Change (3) Human impacts through time on vegetation, animals, landforms, soils, climate, and atmosphere. Special reference to Asian/Pacific region. Implications of long-term environmental change for human habitability. Pre: either BIOL 310 or GEOG 326, and BIOL 123, or GEOG 101; or consent. (Cross-listed as GEOG 410)

BIOL 440 Psychoactive Drug Plants (3) Taxonomy, ecology, biochemistry, distribution, cultural history, and contemporary use of mind-altering drug plants; examples from primitive, traditional, and modern societies. Pre: junior standing, one semester of biological science, and either ANTH 200 or GEOG 151; or consent. (Note: was SCI 440).